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Glutamine Synthetase catalyzes the conversion of ammonia and glutamate to glutamine. It is found in astrocytes as an octamer of identical 42 kDa subunits. The function of Glutamine Synthetase is the detoxification of brain ammonia. It also has an important role in the metabolic regulation of neurotransmitter glutamate. Because of the multiple functions and importance of Glutamine Synthetase in cellular metabolism, both catalytic activities and synthesis are highly regulated. The activity of

DNAJC15 is absent or down-regulated in many advanced cases of ovarian adenocarcinoma, due to hypermethylation and allelic loss. Loss of expression correlates with increased resistance to antineoplastic drugs, such as cisplatin.$n

DAPK1 expression is frequently lost in human carcinomas and B-cell leukemia, and lower levels of expression correlates with high rates of metastasis. The loss of DAPK expression provides a link between suppression of apoptosis and metastasis. DAPK1 is thought be involved in an early apoptotic checkpoint which eliminates premalignant cells from cancer formation. Studies in bladder cancer patients have also shown that hypermethylation of DAPK1 correlates to high recurrence rates and thus DAPK

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that initiates apoptosis. This protein contains several copies of the WD-40 domain, a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and an ATPase domain(NB-ARC). Upon binding cytochrome c and dATP, this protein forms an oligomeric apoptosome. The apoptosome binds and cleaves caspase 9 preproprotein, releasing its mature, activated form. Activated caspase 9 stimulates the subsequent caspase cascade that commits the cell to apoptosis. Alternative splicing results i

Musashi1 (Msi1) is an RNA-binding protein expressed in neural progenitor cells and neural stem cells. Msi1 is the mammalian homolog of Drosophila Musashi. The gene encoding human Msi1 encodes a 362 amino acid protein. In murine embryonic neural progenitor cells, Msi1 localizes to the cytoplasm and is downregulated during differentiation. Msi1 binds to NUMB, which encodes a membrane-associated antagonist of Notch signaling. Msi1 appears to function in the proliferation and maintenance of stem

Calmodulin consists of two glycoproteins, 34 and 39 kDa, sometimes designated epithelial antigen, epithelial specific antigen, and epithelial glycoprotein. The glycoproteins are located on the cell membrane surface and in the cytoplasm of virtually all epithelial cells with the exception of most squamous epithelia, hepatocytes, renal proximal tubular cells, gastric parietal cells and myoepithelial cells. Epithelial Calmodulin is found in the large majority of adenocarcinomas of most sites (